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American Resources Policy Network
Promoting the development of American mineral resources.
  • Through the Gateway: Tellurium – A Rare Metal With Abundant Demand

    You-Are-CuTe

    It may not have felt like it, but spring is here, and love is in the air (not just according to us, but also according to science). We’re here to help – and thought we’d share this gem of a pick-up line (available on T-shirts online):

    “You must be made of Copper and Tellurium, because you are CuTe.”  

     While we’re not sure if this kind of cheesiness has ever helped anyone get a date, it does allude to the close relationship between Copper and Tellurium.  Even less abundant than Rare Earths, most Tellurium used today is recovered as a co-product of mining and refining Copper and other base-metal-rich ore bodies.

    Initially, Tellurium was primarily used as an additive to steel, copper and lead alloys, a process in which it helps improve machine efficiency.  Here, USGS specifically cites thermoelectric cooling applications and highlights Tellurium’s capabilities to improve ductility and tensile strength, as well as sulfuric acid corrosion prevention.

    With the advent of the green technology revolution — and its ability to form a compound exhibiting enhanced electrical conductivity when alloyed with elements such as Cadmium — demand for Tellurium as a critical component for efficient, thin-film photovoltaic cells producing electricity from sunlight has soared.

    Today, these Cadmium-telluride (CdTe — apparently no T-shirts made for this combination) solar cells represent the major end use for Tellurium in the United States – a fact that is unlikely to change any time soon, as solar power is booming, and recent lab results had CdTe technology break efficiency records when it comes to converting energy in sunlight into electricity.

    Meanwhile, for the foreseeable future, experts expect co-product supply via the Copper refinement process to remain the dominant source of Tellurium supply, with secondary production from recycled CdTe having the potential to contribute “a sizeable share of total production.” 

    Bringing things back to our love theme – Bob Marley once famously proclaimed“No woman, no cry.”  Applied to material sciences, one could say “No Copper, No (or only little) Tellurium.” Or, in other words, the path to the very materials underpinning modern technology leads “Through the Gateway.”

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  • Through the Gateway: The Copper Gap That Needn’t Be

    Lately, web searches for “Copper” have seemed to turn up stories about the metal’s woes on the global commodity market on a daily basis.  Like many of its hard-rock commodity peers, Copper has seen its price decline over the past five years.

    However, there is good reason to believe that the self-corrective nature of commodity cycles will take hold, and Copper fundamentals remain strong, particularly as Copper, which as we have pointed out, is far more than an “old school” industrial mainstay metal and in fact may well be dubbed the “Gateway to Renewable Energy.”

    It is important to note that the current global copper oversupply does not translate into a Copper surplus in the United States – according to the latest USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries, we still import 36% of the Copper we consume.

    That wasn’t always the case. As ARPN’s Dan McGroarty has pointed out:

    “American policymakers once treated copper as a strategic metal.  It was held in the National Defense Stockpile during the Cold War.  When the Soviet Union imploded two decades ago, the U.S. produced 93 percent of the copper we consumed.  Copper was sold out of the stockpile – which today stands at zero.  In the past 20 years, copper imports have increased five-fold, to 35 percent.

    In other words, we’ve gone from a situation of near self-sufficiency to a shortfall of more than 600,000 tons per year – demand that must be met by imports.”

    A similar scenario has unfolded for many other metals and minerals, and in many cases, needlessly so, as the United States has significant known mineral resources with an estimated net worth of $6.2 trillion beneath our own soil.  With estimated reserves of 33 million metric tons of Copper, the United States is well positioned to close the Copper Gap – a move that would be beneficial on several levels:

    “Indeed, American miners could help the U.S. become a copper exporter – just as American farmers feed the world.  American alternative energy manufacturers, seeking to build wind turbines and solar panels, would enjoy sources of selenium and tellurium here in the U.S.”

    However, a number of policy hurdles – among them chiefly a rigid and outdated permitting process for domestic mining projects – stand in the way of such a development.

    In the long term, we can expect commodity prices to pick up again. While we wait for the long term to arrive, the prudent course of action would be to tackle these policy obstacles head on.

    We will be looking at some of these issues, as well as current efforts and policy prescriptions in more detail in separate posts.  In the meantime, our focus will shift to Copper’s co-products, many of which have become critical tech metals in their own right. 

     

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  • Through the Gateway: Copper – Gateway to Renewable Energy

    Whatever your views on global climate change – there is no denying that we find ourselves in the midst of a green energy transition.  As David Sandalow, former under secretary of energy and assistant secretary for policy and international affairs at the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), notes in the New York Times this week, “[s]olar power is [...]
  • Through the Gateway: Copper – Far More Than Your “Old School” Industrial Metal

    We’re kicking off our online informational campaign on Gateway Metals and their Co-products by taking a closer look at one of the most well-known industrial mainstay metals – Copper. Lately, “old school” Copper – long acknowledged as an indispensable building block of the industrial age — has been undergoing turbulent times on the global commodity [...]
  • Through the Gateway: Gateway Metals and the Metals they Unlock Underpin Modern Technology

    Are you reading this post on a smart phone, a laptop or tablet?  Will you scroll down using your finger to swipe the screen?  Safe to say you don’t give much thought to how these functions work — even though they’re often less than a decade old.  That’s the wonder of technology — or rather, [...]
  • If Orange Is the New Black, Then “Co-product” is the New “By-Product”

    As we set out to take an in-depth look “Through the Gateway” over the course of the next few months, we will be zeroing in on the five gateway metals we examined as part of our 2012 report – Aluminum, Copper, Nickel, Tin and Zinc, as well as the tech metals they“unlock.” These materials have increasingly found [...]
  • Pizza, the Age of Rare Metals and Co-Products

    “If you don’t have yeast, you don’t have pizza.” What may seem like a random – albeit logical – conclusion has more to do with critical minerals than you may think.  David Abraham, director of the Technology, Rare and Electronic Materials Center, recently used the yeast/pizza analogy to exemplify the importance of rare metals, which [...]
  • Is Cobalt on Your Radar Yet?

    Last week, we highlighted what has been one of the bright spots in the metals and minerals sphere in recent months – Lithium.  Potentially one of the most important critical materials of our time because of its application in battery technology, its rise to stardom has cast a shadow on another material that may be [...]
  • Is Lithium the New Black?

    At a time when mineral commodities have been slumping, one material is proving to be the exception to the rule, leading many to hail lithium as “a rare bright spot for miners, amid cratering prices of raw materials tied to heavy industry such as iron ore to coal.”  Via our friend Simon Moores, managing director [...]
  • Food for thought for world leaders discussing climate change

    This week, world leaders are gathering in Paris to push for an agreement on climate change, which could spell the end of the fossil era, and ring in the age of post-carbon technology.  In a recent piece for the New York Times, David S. Abraham points to an important, yet oft-ignored paradox: “(…) even as our leaders [...]

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